El Salvador's jails: Where social distancing is impossible

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Inmates look out of an overcrowded cell in the Penal Center of Quezaltepeque, El Salvador. 9 November, 2018

Latin America has some of the most overcrowded jails in the world. With prisoners crammed into tiny cells by the dozen, social distancing is impossible and poor medical facilities mean any outbreak of coronavirus would spread like wildfire.

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The United Nations has urged governments to do more to protect inmates and has suggested the most vulnerable be temporarily released to ease overcrowding.

Chile, Colombia and Nicaragua have announced they will move thousands of prisoners into house arrest with priority given to the elderly, pregnant women and those with underlying conditions. Brazil has already started moving inmates over 60 into house arrest and Peru says it plans to give vulnerable inmates an amnesty.

But the country with the second-highest per capita prison population after the US has not taken yet taken any such steps. El Salvador has been grappling with gang violence for decades and its prisons are bursting at the seams.

Inmates sit in their cell while others lie in hammocks in Chalatenango Penal Center, El Salvador 7 November , 2018

Photographer Tariq Zaidi spent two years documenting conditions in El Salvador’s jails before the coronavirus outbreak spread to the Central American nation. He gained access to six prisons as well as two police holding cells for a rare look inside the Central American nation’s penal institutions.

Tattooed gang members stand in their holding cells at Bartolinas Policiales de Lourdes, Colon, San Salvador. 28 September 2019

As well as one of the largest per capita prison populations, El Salvador has one of the highest per capita murder rates in the world.

But that rate has been going down from its height of 17.6 murders per day in 2015 to an average of 3.6 homicides a day in October 2019 and again to 2.1 in March 2020.

President Nayib Bukele, who took office in June 2019, claims much of the credit for that drop.

His zero-tolerance policy towards gang violence also extends to the country’s prisons with jailed gang members allowed no visitors or phones and confined to their cells 24/7. If, on the other hand, the situation both inside and outside the jails is calm then normal hours and visitation rights are reinstated.

Inmates look out of an overcrowded cell, while a man wears a bandana across his face because of the putrid smell. Penal Center of Quezaltepeque, El Salvador. November 9, 2018.

Before Mr Bukele came to power, a programme called “Yo cambio” (I change) offered prisoners a chance to learn skills to boost their employability.

Inmates in the "Yo Cambio" (I Change) Program relax while others knit. Apanteos Penal Institute, El Salvador. 5 November 2018.

A member of the La 18 gang does some painting, centre, while another inmate does some embroidery, right, as part of the Yo Cambio program at the Ilopango Women's Prison, El Salvador November 6, 2018.

Some even created their own designs and showed them off in prison fashion shows.

Prisoners display their fashion creations as part of the "Yo Cambio" or "I Change" program, which attempts to rehabilitate prisoners, at the Penal Center of Quezaltepeque, El Salvador. November 9, 2018.

Given El Salvador’s severe gang problem and the fact that up to 80% of the attacks committed on the outside are believed to have been ordered from behind bars, many fear that releasing prisoners will further escalate gang violence.

Carlos, last name not given, (38) stands for a photograph at the Penal San Francisco Gótera, El Salvador. November 8, 2018. Right - Portrait of a gang member at the Ilopango Women's Prison, El Salvador. November 6, 2018.

Prison guards routinely wear balaclavas to shield their identities so they and their families will not be targeted.

Women prison guards, wearing balaclavas to protect their identities, stand in front of a portrait of Nelson Mandela at the Penal Center of Quezaltepeque, El Salvador. November 9, 2018.

But prisons with their mass overcrowding could also become hot spots for coronavirus infections.

Respiratory diseases already have a higher incidence in the country’s prisons. The rate of tuberculosis infection in El Salvador’s prisons has been more than 50 times as large as that in the general population, according to the Pan American Journal of Public Health Study.

Given that coronavirus and tuberculosis spread in similar ways, authorities are scrambling to prepare for what infectologist Jorge Panameño has called a “time bomb” waiting to explode.

Inmates play cards while others watch, at the Chalatenango Penal Center, El Salvador. November 7, 2018.

President Bukele has been making some changes to the Salvadorean prison system. On 26 December – before coronavirus spread to El Salvador – he announced that Chalatenango prison (pictured above) would be turned into a university. Six hundred inmates were transferred and the president said on Twitter – without offering any more detail – that the remaining 730 would be moved out in the following days.

But while President Bukele was quick to order a nationwide lockdown and curfew to curb the spread of the virus, no official policy for prisoner releases has been announced.

El Salvador’s prisons have a capacity of 18,051 but the system currently holds more than 38,000 inmates.

Extreme heat, unsanitary conditions and tuberculosis claimed the lives of many inmates even before coronavirus.

The coronavirus pandemic thus presents a major problem to President Bukele.

To prepare for a possible coronavirus in prison, the president has already had to lift some of the emergency measures he imposed to better control inmates.

A female inmate looks out of her cell at the Ilopango Women's Prison, El Salvador. November 6, 2018.

Moreover, judges in El Salvador have argued that those over 60 and with terminal illnesses should be temporarily released – however gang members would not be included in this move.

An inmate and former La 18 gang member plays the guitar at the Penal San Francisco Gótera, El Salvador. November 8, 2018.

The dilemma he faces is a stark one: release prisoners and risk a rise in gang violence he has fought hard to drive down or keep them behind bars and face a potential coronavirus explosion.

All photos copyright of Tariq Zaidi. You can follow more of Tariq’s work on Instagram, Facebook and his website.

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This content first appear on bbcnews